Vitamins and their Scientific / Chemical name

       Vitamins                        Chemical Name

• Vitamin A                             Retinol
• Vitamin B1                          Thiamine
• Vitamin B2                          Riboflavin 
• Vitamin B3                          Niacin
• Vitamin B5                          Pantothenic acid
• Vitamin B6                          Pyrodoxin
• Vitamin B7                          Biotin
• Vitamin B9                          Folic Acid
• Vitamin B12                        Cynocobalamin
• Vitamin C                            Ascorbic acid 
• Vitamin D                            Calciferol
• Vitamin E                            Tocopherol
• Vitamin K                            Phylloquinone

Application of Raman spectroscopy

 Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry 

• The Raman technique is often superior to infrared for investigating inorganic systems because aqueous solutions can be employed.
• In addition, the vibrational energies of metal-ligands bonds are generally in the range of 100 to 700 cm^-1, a region of the infrared that is experimentally difficult to study.
• These vibrations are frequently Raman active however, and peaks with ∆υ values in this range were readily observed.

• Raman sensors are used in situ and real time monitoring of inorganic substances iin aqueous solution in the sea, in tanks or in vicinity of industrial sites.
• Raman sensors provide identification of many species with a fairly good component resolution and accurate determination of their concentration.
• Raman studies are potentially useful sources of information concerning the composition, structure and stability of coordination compounds.
• It can also be used to assign vibrations and identify different types of ligands.
• Raman spectroscopy is an efficient tool used to investigate semiconductor surfaces or interfaces made up of a semiconductor and metal or an insulator, or to characterize the strains brought about by heavy doping in semiconductors.
• It is being used to study polymers which have high electrical conductivity, optical nonlinearity, strength and forms of electronic coupling to the environment such as piezoelectric effect.
• Raman spectroscopy is used by inorganic chemist to help in establishing the structures of the new molecule that have been synthesized.
• Raman spectroscopy provides like a fingerprint of a substance since each line of Raman spectrum is associated to a particular vibrational mode of the molecule.
• Raman spectroscopy is convenient technique to detect the different substances in a mixture and via an calibration, to determine the content of each species.
• Raman spectroscopy detects the polarizability change of a molecule.
• Raman spectroscopy becomes more important as probe.

 

Electrocardiography and it's electrical aspects

Solar Water Splitting

  Solar-water splitting – A sustainable route for renewable hydrogen

Water splitting is a process of dissociation of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Extraction of hydrogen from water molecules is an important and green approach, since water exists in abundance on our planet and also the envisaged process would not produce any harmful by-products. However, the process of water-splitting still requires energy as it involves positive change to the Gibbs free energy (∆G° = 113 kcal/mol). 

Water can be split by several methods like; (i) electrolysis, in which electric current passed through water splits water into its components – hydrogen and oxygen; (ii) biological methods in which algae is used to split water; and (iii) thermochemical methods that require high temperature. Among all the above, solar-water splitting is a sustainable route for renewable hydrogen production. Hydrogen produced is a carbon-free fuel; hence, efficient storage of solar energy into hydrogen and the use of later as fuel can alleviate many energy and environmental issues.

The idea of solar-water splitting for hydrogen production is derived primarily from the naturally occurring photosynthesis process in which plants use solar energy to make their food in the form of complex molecules like carbohydrates. On a similar line, solar energy can be used in the splitting of water to produce hydrogen as fuel. To accelerate the development of hydrogen produced by renewable solar energy, several techniques have been developed like photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC), photocatalytic, photovoltaic-electrolysis etc. In these techniques, PEC water splitting is simplest, efficient, cheap and clean method for production of hydrogen.

Principle of IR Spectroscopy

• IR spectroscopy detects the absorption of light by a compound in the IR region of the electromagnetic radiation (spectroscopy).
• To absorb light a molecule must have a bond within its structure that can exhibit dipole moment which means electrons within a bond are not shared equally.

                                                     

• Electrons within the O-H bond are not equally shared meaning that the electrons are more closely attracted to the oxygen than the hydrogen. As the electrons are negatively charged, this leads to the O bond bearing a slight negative charge and H a slight positive charge (as it is seen in the above structure).                                                                                                                                              Due to this charge difference IR light is absorbed by this particular bond, and as a result we get a peak within an IR spectrum.
• Functional groups have different bonds which possess dipole moment , absorbs at different areas of the IR spectrum.
• IR spectrometer consist of a lamp or heated rod that will emit light in IR region. Spectrometer have detector which collects all wavelengths of IR radiation that have passed through the sample and converts these to wavenumbers. Each chemically distinct molecule will have a different absorption pattern made up from the number and different types of bond presence of differing functional groups. 
• In IR spectroscopy, a sample is irradiated with infrared light and the transmitted or reflected light is measured, allowing structural analysis and quantification. Absorbance analysis involves measuring the amount of absorption of light by the molecules in a sample, which is wavelength dependent.
• In a molecule, interatomic chemical bonds can stretch as if they were springs. The energy associated with such stretching vibrations is close to that of infrared light, so that molecules absorb infrared light and vibrate. 
• The vibrations that can be induced by IR light are limited to those involving a change in dipole moment.                                                                                                                                                       Example- Carbon dioxide (CO2) which is a linear molecule, does not absorb infrared light because does not have dipole moment while H2O (a non-linear molecule) possess dipole moment so it absorbs infrared light in IR region.

Beautiful world of chemistry

See the beautiful world of chemistry with the help of these pictures , which creates interest to learn chemistry. 👇